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Electrical

The Basics category is the foundation of electrical engineering. This section explains basic electrical concepts in simple and clear language, such as voltage, current, resistance, electrical laws, circuit theory, illumination, and fundamental topics related to physics. This category helps ITI, Diploma, and B.Tech students build a strong base in electrical engineering, making it easier to understand later subjects like Power Systems, Machines, and Electronics.

Electrical Outlet Wiring: Technical Guide for Electrical Engineering Students

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Electrical Outlet Wiring

Introduction Electrical outlets form an essential part of residential and commercial electrical infrastructure. They provide the interface between electrical devices and a building’s power distribution system. For students pursuing electrical engineering or a related field, understanding the principles and practices of electrical outlet wiring is crucial not only for practical installations but also for developing … Read more

How to DC Motor Speed Control: Thyristor Controlled Rectifier, Vfd, PWM, Arduino

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DC Motor Speed Control

What is DC Motor Speed Control? Every electric motor has a fixed speed written on its nameplate. This is called the rated speed. It tells us how fast the motor is supposed to run when it’s working normally. But in real life, things keep changing. When the load on the motor changes — like if … Read more

Retrofit Emission Control Devices: Working, Benefits, Types, Uses, Installation, Maintenance

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Retrofit Emission Control Devices

Retrofit Emission Control Devices: Clean air is not just important. It is life. Every breath we take should be pure and safe. But sadly, the air around us is filled with harmful gases and tiny particles. These come from vehicles, factories, and other machines that burn fuel. One strong and smart solution to reduce this … Read more

Electrical Measuring Instruments: Absolute, Secondary, Indicating Instruments

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Electrical Measuring Instruments

What are Measuring Instruments? Measuring instruments are the tools that help us see and understand what’s happening inside an electric circuit. They show us things we can’t see with our eyes – like how much current is flowing or how much voltage is present. Now let’s understand their types. Types of Measuring Instruments There are … Read more

Compensating Winding: Advantages, Function & Working

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Compensating Winding

Compensating Winding When a motor or generator is working, the current inside the armature (the rotating part) keeps changing, especially when the load changes suddenly or becomes too heavy. These changes in current create something called a cross magnetizing effect, which means the magnetic field gets pushed to one side. Now imagine this — every … Read more

armature reaction in dc machine: Part, Effect, GNA, MNA, Brush Axis, EMF

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Armature Reaction in DC Machine

Armature Reaction – Definition When a motor or generator is running, there are two types of magnetic fields inside it. One magnetic field comes from the main field winding (which is supposed to be there), and the second one comes from the armature winding (the rotating part). Now, when the armature winding carries current, it … Read more

Commutation in dc machine: Commutation in dc generator and motor, Interpoles

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Commutation in dc machine

Commutation in dc machine Let’s imagine the heart of a DC generator — the armature — is always spinning. As it spins, the current in its wires keeps changing direction. That means it actually creates alternating current (AC), not direct current (DC) at first. But we call it a DC generator — why? That’s because … Read more

characteristics of dc shunt generator: Working Principle, EMF Equation, Use

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characteristics of dc shunt generator

DC Shunt Generator A DC Shunt Generator is a special type of DC generator that is commonly used because it works on its own without needing any outside power to get started. It gives a stable voltage, whether you’re using it a little or a lot. Let’s understand characteristics of dc shunt generator how it … Read more

Types of Armature Winding: lap, wave, Duplex, and Triplex Windings

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Types of Armature Winding:

Types of Armature Winding When we talk about armature winding in electric machines (like motors or generators), we’re simply talking about how the wires are arranged inside the machine to carry current. These wires connect at a part called the commutator. Now, depending on how these wires are connected at the ends, armature winding is … Read more

Construction of dc machine: Yoke, Armature Winding, Commutator

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Construction of dc machine

A DC machine is an electromechanical device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy, or vice versa, using direct current (DC). It works on the fundamental principle of electromagnetic induction, which was discovered by Michael Faraday. DC machines are classified into two main types: DC generators and DC motors. A DC generator converts mechanical energy … Read more

What is Transmission Line? types, parameter, voltage level, advantages

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Transmission Line

What is Transmission Line? A transmission line is like a big electric road. Just like trucks carry goods from one city to another, a transmission line carries electricity from power stations to our homes, schools, offices, and factories. Simple Example: Imagine a water pipe. Water flows through the pipe and reaches your tap. In the … Read more

Electrical Power Distribution System: Parallel, Ring Main, Radial

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Electrical Power Distribution System

Electrical Power Distribution System The distribution system is the part of the electric supply network that delivers electricity from the distribution substation to the end consumers (homes, shops, farms, etc.). An electrical distribution system is a network of equipment that carries electricity from high-voltage transmission lines to homes, businesses, and other users. It acts as … Read more

Measurement of Power in Three-Phase Systems

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Measurement of Power in Three-Phase Systems

Measurement of Power in Three-Phase Systems A wattmeter is a device used to measure the average or real power in AC circuits. While the method for measuring single-phase power is discussed in Chapter 1, this section focuses on the measurement of three-phase power. There are three main methods used for measuring the active (real) power … Read more

what is ideal Voltage and Current Sources?: Formula, Symbol

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ideal voltage and current sources

ideal Voltage and Current Sources Electricity is a part of our daily life. We use it to light our homes, run our fans, charge our phones, and power our TVs. But have you ever thought — where does this electricity come from? That’s where voltage sources and current sources come in. Let’s understand them in … Read more

what is Open circuit and short circuit? types, definition

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open circuit and short circuit

Open circuit and short circuit What is an Open Circuit? | An open circuit means there is a break or gap in the path where electricity should flow. Imagine a road where a bridge is broken — cars can’t pass through it. In the same way, when a wire or part of the circuit is … Read more

Magnetic Circuit: Magnetic Flux, Mmf, Reluctance, other Comparison

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Magnetic Circuit

Introduction to Magnetic Circuits We all know that magnets can pull things like pins or nails. But have you ever wondered how this invisible pull works inside machines like fans, motors, or transformers? Well, it’s all about something called a magnetic circuit. Just like electric current flows in a loop through wires in an electric … Read more

Magnetic Hysteresis: Loop, loss, importance, Factors Affecting

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Magnetic Hysteresis

Magnetic Hysteresis When we take a piece of magnetic material—like iron—and magnetise it first in one direction, and then in the opposite direction, something interesting happens. The magnetic strength inside the material does not follow the applied force exactly. Instead, it lags behind. This delay is called Magnetic Hysteresis. 🔄 What is Magnetic Hysteresis? Magnetic … Read more

magnetic potential energy: definition, unit, formula

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magnetic potential

Magnetic Flux Density Have you ever seen how magnets pull things without touching them? This invisible force spreads out in space like magic. But how do we measure this magnetic power in a certain area? That’s where Magnetic Flux Density comes in. 🌟 What is Magnetic Flux Density? Magnetic Flux Density is a way to … Read more

Parallel Plate Capacitor: definition, formula, types, principle

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Parallel Plate Capacitor

Definition of Parallel Plate Capacitor A parallel plate capacitor is a device made of two flat, conductive plates placed parallel to each other with a small gap between them. This gap is usually filled with air or a material called a dielectric. When we connect a battery or voltage source across the plates, one plate … Read more

Laws of Magnetic Force: definition, properties, and magnetism

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Laws of Magnetic Force

what is magnetism? Long ago, people thought magnetism was a kind of magic. They didn’t understand how it worked, so they didn’t use it much. But as time passed and science grew, we learned the truth — magnetism is not magic, it’s a real and powerful force. Today, magnetism is one of the most important … Read more

capacitance and capacitors? Definition, formula, unit,

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capacitance

Introduction to Capacitors: We all know that different objects can hold different amounts of electric charge, even when they are at the same voltage. This ability to store charge is called capacitance. To store a useful amount of charge, we use a special device called a capacitor. A capacitor is made of two metal plates placed close … Read more

Cylindrical Capacitor: Types, Definition, Formula, Derivation, and Applications

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Cylindrical Capacitor

Cylindrical Capacitor A Cylindrical Capacitor consists of two concentric conducting cylinders separated by an insulating dielectric material. The formula gives its capacitance (C): C = (2π ε₀ εᵣ L) / ln(b/a) where: This type of capacitor is widely used in underground and coaxial cables, where the cylindrical geometry provides uniform electric field distribution and efficient … Read more

capacitors in series and parallel: Formula, exam useful fact

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capacitors in series and parallel

​ Capacitors in Series and parallel Let’s imagine you have three capacitors — we’ll call them C₁, C₂, and C₃.Now, we connect them one after another, like links in a chain. This is called a series connection. When we apply a voltage V across this whole chain, something interesting happens: Now, remember a simple rule:Q … Read more