Electricity Electricity is the movement of tiny particles called electrons from one place to another. This movement is also known as the flow of electric charge. Just like water flows through a pipe, electricity flows through wires or other materials. The speed and ease of this flow depend on the kind of material the electrons … Read more
Electric Current Electric current is the flow of tiny particles called electrons. Just like water flows through a pipe, electrons flow through wires. This flow is what we call electric current. We show electric current with the letter I, and its unit is called an ampere (A). You can think of it like measuring how … Read more
Caliper A caliper tool is a special tool used to measure things. It helps us find out the exact size of an object, like how long, wide, thick, or round it is. This tool is very useful when we need to be very accurate with measurements. Calipers are usually made of strong metals like high-carbon … Read more
Chisels A chisel is a very simple but powerful tool. It is mostly used to cut light and thin metal sheets. You can think of it like a strong metal stick that helps in cutting other metals. Chisels are made from high carbon steel. This steel is strong and tough, which makes the chisel strong … Read more
Hammer – The Helping Hand of the Workshop A hammer is one of the most useful and commonly used tools in any workshop. It is a strong hand tool that helps us do many different kinds of work. We use a hammer to: In simple words, jobs like hammering, bending, shaping, cutting, and joining are … Read more
What is Electrical Safety? Electrical safety rules mean staying safe when using electricity. It is all about using electric machines and wires in the right way so that no one gets hurt. Electricity is very useful. It helps us light our homes, run fans, charge phones, and do so many things. But if we do … Read more
what is Files? The process of removing unwanted material in the form of powder by rubbing a rough surfaced tool from the surface of a workpiece is called filing and the cutting tool used for this purpose is called file. With the help of sandpaper, we can remove excess material in the form of fine particles from plane … Read more
Introduction Many students get confused in Distinguish between centripetal and centrifugal forces because both appear in circular motion, but they act in opposite directions. This confusion often arises: Why understanding the difference is important:Not just for scoring well in exams, but also to grasp the physics behind everyday activities. Let’s break it down simply and … Read more
Circular motion is everywhere around us—the rotation of a ceiling fan, the spinning of a wheel, the moon orbiting the Earth, or the Earth revolving around the Sun.Understanding it is not only essential for students and engineers but also fascinating for anyone who wants to know how and why an object moves along a circular … Read more
Introduction Friction is a force that tries to stop things from sliding or moving when they touch each other. It always works in the opposite direction of the push or pull that’s trying to move something. So, if you try to slide a box forward, friction pushes back. It only happens when two surfaces touch, … Read more
Non-Polarized Capacitors A capacitor is a small but very useful part used in many electrical and electronic devices. It has two ends (or terminals) and its main job is to store energy in the form of electricity. Think of it like a tiny battery that can charge and discharge quickly. Capacitors come in different shapes, … Read more
Introduction Capacitors are small parts used in electronic devices. They help store energy and manage how electricity flows. Think of a capacitor like a tiny battery that charges and discharges quickly. In many circuits, they are used to clean up signals, reduce sudden changes in power, and give a quick boost of energy when needed. … Read more
Fan Capacitors Electric fans are all around us. We use them in our homes, offices, factories, and even inside cars, trains, and computers. They help move air to keep us cool or to keep machines from overheating. Depending on how they get power, electric fans are mainly divided into three types: AC fans, DC fans, and AC/DC fans. … Read more
What is a Wirewound Resistors? A wirewound resistors is a small, strong part used in electrical circuits. Its main job is to control the flow of electric current -kind of like a traffic signal for electricity. Inside this resistor, there is a thin metal wire. This wire is wrapped around a solid core made of … Read more
relation between electric field and potential What is an Electric Field? Imagine a charged object, like a balloon rubbed on your hair. Around it, something invisible forms — a kind of invisible space where other charges can feel a push or a pull. That invisible space is called an electric field. It’s like the area … Read more
What is Ohm’s Law? State Ohm law Ohm’s Law helps us understand how electricity moves through wires and other materials. It shows the connection between three important things: Voltage (V), Current (I), and Resistance (R). A long time ago, a scientist from Germany named Georg Simon Ohm discovered this simple but powerful rule. He found … Read more
Kirchhoff Law Class 12 Kirchhoff gave two laws to solve complex circuits, namely ; Kirchhoff Current Law ( KCL ) or Kirchhoff First Law Kirchhoff Current Law is a basic and very important rule in electricity. It helps us understand how electric current flows in a circuit. This law is about junctions in an electrical … Read more
what is Heating Effect of Electric Current When electricity flows through a wire or any other material, it produces heat. This is called the heating effect of electric current. Imagine tiny particles, called electrons, moving through the wire. As they move, they bump into other particles inside the wire. These bumps or collisions make the … Read more
The Story of Electricity 🌟 Long, long ago—before light bulbs, fans, or even batteries—people didn’t know what electricity was. But it was always there, hidden in nature, just waiting to be discovered. Imagine this: thousands of years ago, people saw lightning flash across the sky and felt little shocks when they touched certain objects. That … Read more
capacitor definition- A device made by placing a dielectric medium (bad conductor) between two metallic conductor plates is called a capacitor. A capacitor is a device that opposes changes in voltage. Mica, ebonite, air etc. are used as dielectric medium (bad conductor) in capacitor. Metals like tin, aluminium etc. are used for conductor plates in … Read more
Introduction- what is resistance? Imagine you’re trying to walk through a crowded room. The more people in your way, the harder it becomes to move forward. In the same way, when electricity flows through a material, tiny particles called electrons are trying to move forward. But they don’t get a clear path. The material they’re … Read more
atom and molecules class 9 notes Structure of Material– matter – particle – molecule – atom –stable atomic particle and unstable nuclear particles Molecules- Atom structure of atom class 11 notes The structure of an atom is made up of three fundamental particles, electron, proton and neutron. . Nucleus- Protons- Neutrons- Electron- particle Weight (in … Read more
what is Electricity? Types of Electricity- Electricity is mainly classified into two parts Static Electricity- Static electricity refers to the resting state of electrons, which is created by some rubbing or friction between two objects. what is electricity fact? If a glass rod is rubbed with a silk cloth, then due to the electrostatic effect … Read more
key point Introduction-(WHAT IS CHARGE?) What is electric Charge what is electricity Static Electricity Application of electric charge Computer printers, paint sprayers and seismographs are also based on electrostatics. Dynamic Electricity- Methods of electric Charge Generation- Charges are generated mainly in three ways- By friction- positively charged negatively charged glass rod cat skin woolen clothes … Read more
Introduction relay is an electrical device that senses the abnormal condition arising in the electrical circuit. Current transformer and trip coil are usually used as auxiliary equipment of the relay. Their combination is such that the relay gets energized when a short-circuit or overload fault occurs and the relay automatically operates and separates the faulty … Read more
Ever wondered how powerful electrical systems stay protected from overloads? That’s where HRC fuses come in. In this article, you’ll learn what an HRC fuse is, how it works, its types, and why it’s better than traditional fuses. What is an HRC Fuse? [Definition & Full Form] HRC stands for High Rupturing Capacity. It’s a … Read more
Definition of Switch Gears The devices used in switching, regulation, and protection of electrical circuits and equipment are installed in a panel board; these are collectively called switchgear. or switch gear meaning “The apparatus used for switching, Controlling and protecting the electrical circuits and equipment is known as Switch gear” Mainly switch gear equipment is … Read more
What is a DC Generator? A DC Generator is a machine that makes electricity. But not just any electricity — it makes DC electricity, which means Direct Current. Let’s make it super easy to understand. Imagine you have a toy fan that runs on batteries. The batteries give it power in one single direction — … Read more
key phase Transformers work on the principle of mutual induction. They have primary andsecondary windings that are electrically isolated from each other. As these windingsare wound on the same magnetic core, they are magnetically coupled to each other. The magnetic core is made from the laminations of either CRGO silicon steel or theamorphous alloy. … Read more
PVC wires or PVC insulated wires, are electrical cables with insulation made ofPVC (Polyvinyl Chloride), a plastic material. These wires are commonly utilized in variouselectrical applications because of their exceptional insulation, flexibility, durability, and cost-effectiveness. Wire A wire is a thin, pliable, and elongated conductor composed of a conductivesubstance, usually metal, employed for transferring electrical … Read more
Introduction Single phase power system is widely used as compared to three phase system for domesticpurpose, commercial purpose and to some extent in industrial purpose. As the single phase system ismore economical and the power requirement in most of the houses, shops, offices are small, this can beeasily met by single phase motor. The single … Read more
Basic Alternator Working Principle: WHAT IS ALTERNATOR? Alternating current generators are usually called alternators. They operate on the principle ofFaraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction. This law states that whenever a conductor cuts the magneticflux an emf is induced in it. This emf causes a current to flow if the circuit is closed. Fig 1.1 shows … Read more
INTRODUCTION In the year 1821 British scientist Michael Faraday explained the conversion of electrical energyinto mechanical energy by placing a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field which resulted in therotation of the conductor due to torque produced by the mutual action of electrical current and magneticfield. Based on his principle the most primitive of … Read more
What is a Circuit Breaker? A circuit breaker essentially consists of fixed and moving contacts, called electrodes. Undernormal operating conditions, these contacts remain closed and will not open automatically until andUnless the system becomes faulty.The contacts can be opened manually or by remote control whenever desired. When a fault occurs on anypart of the system, … Read more
What is a Molded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB)? A Molded Case Circuit Breaker, or MCCB switches, is like a guard for your electrical system. It watches over your wires and machines and quickly stops the power if something goes wrong—like when too much electricity flows or when there’s a short circuit. This helps keep your … Read more
Transformer Safety: Transformers play a big role in powering our industries. They help move electricity safely and efficiently. They are helpful in many ways, but if not used properly, they can also cause harm Working with transformers can lead to serious risks. Electric shocks, arc flashes, and even fires or explosions can happen if safety … Read more
Difference Between Power And Distribution Transformer: Complete Guide, Key Differences, Applications & Cost Analysis Electricity travels a long journey before reaching our homes and industries. From large power plants to the small transformers installed in our neighborhoods, each component of the power system plays a critical role. In this journey, power transformers and distribution transformers … Read more
Introduction and Importance of Power Factor In today’s electrical systems, electrical energy is almost entirely generated, transmitted, and distributed in the form of AC (Alternating Current).This makes power factor an important topic in electrical engineering. Most loads—such as induction motors, arc lamps, and other inductive equipment—generally have a low and lagging power factor. When the … Read more
