Open circuit and short circuit What is an Open Circuit? | An open circuit means there is a break or gap in the path where electricity should flow. Imagine a road where a bridge is broken — cars can’t pass through it. In the same way, when a wire or part of the circuit is … Read more
Introduction to Magnetic Circuits We all know that magnets can pull things like pins or nails. But have you ever wondered how this invisible pull works inside machines like fans, motors, or transformers? Well, it’s all about something called a magnetic circuit. Just like electric current flows in a loop through wires in an electric … Read more
Magnetic Hysteresis When we take a piece of magnetic material—like iron—and magnetise it first in one direction, and then in the opposite direction, something interesting happens. The magnetic strength inside the material does not follow the applied force exactly. Instead, it lags behind. This delay is called Magnetic Hysteresis. 🔄 What is Magnetic Hysteresis? Magnetic … Read more
Magnetic Flux Density Have you ever seen how magnets pull things without touching them? This invisible force spreads out in space like magic. But how do we measure this magnetic power in a certain area? That’s where Magnetic Flux Density comes in. 🌟 What is Magnetic Flux Density? Magnetic Flux Density is a way to … Read more
Definition of Parallel Plate Capacitor A parallel plate capacitor is a device made of two flat, conductive plates placed parallel to each other with a small gap between them. This gap is usually filled with air or a material called a dielectric. When we connect a battery or voltage source across the plates, one plate … Read more
what is magnetism? Long ago, people thought magnetism was a kind of magic. They didn’t understand how it worked, so they didn’t use it much. But as time passed and science grew, we learned the truth — magnetism is not magic, it’s a real and powerful force. Today, magnetism is one of the most important … Read more
Introduction to Capacitors: We all know that different objects can hold different amounts of electric charge, even when they are at the same voltage. This ability to store charge is called capacitance. To store a useful amount of charge, we use a special device called a capacitor. A capacitor is made of two metal plates placed close … Read more
Cylindrical Capacitor A cylindrical capacitor is made up of two round, hollow tubes that are placed one inside the other. These tubes are called cylinders. The space between them is filled with a special material that does not let electricity pass through—this is called insulation. One of these cylinders is in the middle—this is the … Read more
Capacitors in Series and parallel Let’s imagine you have three capacitors — we’ll call them C₁, C₂, and C₃.Now, we connect them one after another, like links in a chain. This is called a series connection. When we apply a voltage V across this whole chain, something interesting happens: Now, remember a simple rule:Q … Read more
Insulators Dielectric insulators are materials that do not let electric current pass through them easily. This is because they have almost no free electrons inside them. You can think of them like strong walls that stop electricity from going through. Under normal conditions—like regular voltage and temperature—these materials stay safe and do not conduct electricity. … Read more
Conductor Have you ever seen electric wires around you? They carry electricity from one place to another. But have you ever wondered how electricity flows through them so easily? The reason is electrical conductors. A conductor is a material that allows electricity to pass through it easily because it has lots of free electrons. These … Read more
Electricity Electricity is the movement of tiny particles called electrons from one place to another. This movement is also known as the flow of electric charge. Just like water flows through a pipe, electricity flows through wires or other materials. The speed and ease of this flow depend on the kind of material the electrons … Read more
Electric Current Electric current is the flow of tiny particles called electrons. Just like water flows through a pipe, electrons flow through wires. This flow is what we call electric current. We show electric current with the letter I, and its unit is called an ampere (A). You can think of it like measuring how … Read more
Caliper A caliper tool is a special tool used to measure things. It helps us find out the exact size of an object, like how long, wide, thick, or round it is. This tool is very useful when we need to be very accurate with measurements. Calipers are usually made of strong metals like high-carbon … Read more
Chisels A chisel is a very simple but powerful tool. It is mostly used to cut light and thin metal sheets. You can think of it like a strong metal stick that helps in cutting other metals. Chisels are made from high carbon steel. This steel is strong and tough, which makes the chisel strong … Read more
Hammer – The Helping Hand of the Workshop A hammer is one of the most useful and commonly used tools in any workshop. It is a strong hand tool that helps us do many different kinds of work. We use a hammer to: In simple words, jobs like hammering, bending, shaping, cutting, and joining are … Read more
What is Electrical Safety? Electrical safety rules mean staying safe when using electricity. It is all about using electric machines and wires in the right way so that no one gets hurt. Electricity is very useful. It helps us light our homes, run fans, charge phones, and do so many things. But if we do … Read more
what is Files? The process of removing unwanted material in the form of powder by rubbing a rough surfaced tool from the surface of a workpiece is called filing and the cutting tool used for this purpose is called file. With the help of sandpaper, we can remove excess material in the form of fine particles from plane … Read more
electrical interview questions and answers if I connect a capacitor to a generator load? electrical interview questions and answers Answer:When you connect a capacitor to a generator, it helps to improve the power factor. This means it makes the generator work more efficiently. But this only helps if the generator’s engine is strong enough to … Read more
Introduction Many students get confused in Distinguish between centripetal and centrifugal forces because both appear in circular motion, but they act in opposite directions. This confusion often arises: Why understanding the difference is important:Not just for scoring well in exams, but also to grasp the physics behind everyday activities. Let’s break it down simply and … Read more
Understanding Angular and Linear Velocity Imagine you are spinning a wheel. The speed at which the wheel turns is called angular velocity. It tells us how fast something is turning around a fixed point. For example, if a fan is spinning, its blades are moving in a circle. Angular velocity helps us know how quickly … Read more
Circular motion is everywhere around us—the rotation of a ceiling fan, the spinning of a wheel, the moon orbiting the Earth, or the Earth revolving around the Sun.Understanding it is not only essential for students and engineers but also fascinating for anyone who wants to know how and why an object moves along a circular … Read more
INTRODUCTION When we look at the many different things we measure in science—like speed, temperature, or weight—it may seem like we need a different unit for each one. But if we try to make a unique unit for every single thing, remembering all those units would become very confusing and nearly impossible. Luckily, many of … Read more
Introduction Friction is a force that tries to stop things from sliding or moving when they touch each other. It always works in the opposite direction of the push or pull that’s trying to move something. So, if you try to slide a box forward, friction pushes back. It only happens when two surfaces touch, … Read more
Non-Polarized Capacitors A capacitor is a small but very useful part used in many electrical and electronic devices. It has two ends (or terminals) and its main job is to store energy in the form of electricity. Think of it like a tiny battery that can charge and discharge quickly. Capacitors come in different shapes, … Read more
Introduction Capacitors are small parts used in electronic devices. They help store energy and manage how electricity flows. Think of a capacitor like a tiny battery that charges and discharges quickly. In many circuits, they are used to clean up signals, reduce sudden changes in power, and give a quick boost of energy when needed. … Read more
Fan Capacitors Electric fans are all around us. We use them in our homes, offices, factories, and even inside cars, trains, and computers. They help move air to keep us cool or to keep machines from overheating. Depending on how they get power, electric fans are mainly divided into three types: AC fans, DC fans, and AC/DC fans. … Read more
What is a Wirewound Resistors? A wirewound resistors is a small, strong part used in electrical circuits. Its main job is to control the flow of electric current -kind of like a traffic signal for electricity. Inside this resistor, there is a thin metal wire. This wire is wrapped around a solid core made of … Read more
What is Resistance? When electricity flows through a substance, it doesn’t always have a smooth path. The thing that tries to slow down or stop this flow is called resistance. Electricity is actually the movement of tiny particles called free electrons. These electrons move through a material to create an electric current. But inside every … Read more
relation between electric field and potential What is an Electric Field? Imagine a charged object, like a balloon rubbed on your hair. Around it, something invisible forms — a kind of invisible space where other charges can feel a push or a pull. That invisible space is called an electric field. It’s like the area … Read more
What is Ohm’s Law? State Ohm law Ohm’s Law helps us understand how electricity moves through wires and other materials. It shows the connection between three important things: Voltage (V), Current (I), and Resistance (R). A long time ago, a scientist from Germany named Georg Simon Ohm discovered this simple but powerful rule. He found … Read more
What is Wheatstone Bridge? A Wheatstone Bridge is a simple electrical circuit used to find an unknown resistance. It works like a balance scale. When the bridge is balanced, we can easily calculate the missing value. The circuit has four resistors: These resistors are connected in a diamond shape, like a bridge. That’s why it’s … Read more
Kirchhoff Law Class 12 Kirchhoff gave two laws to solve complex circuits, namely ; Kirchhoff Current Law ( KCL ) or Kirchhoff First Law Kirchhoff Current Law is a basic and very important rule in electricity. It helps us understand how electric current flows in a circuit. This law is about junctions in an electrical … Read more
what is Heating Effect of Electric Current When electricity flows through a wire or any other material, it produces heat. This is called the heating effect of electric current. Imagine tiny particles, called electrons, moving through the wire. As they move, they bump into other particles inside the wire. These bumps or collisions make the … Read more
The Story of Electricity 🌟 Long, long ago—before light bulbs, fans, or even batteries—people didn’t know what electricity was. But it was always there, hidden in nature, just waiting to be discovered. Imagine this: thousands of years ago, people saw lightning flash across the sky and felt little shocks when they touched certain objects. That … Read more
Operation “Sindoor“, On May 7, a powerful and precise action was taken by the Indian armed forces under Operation “Sindoor“, targeting nine terrorist locations in Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (POK). These strikes were carefully planned and carried out with great skill, aiming to dismantle areas being used to support terrorism. The situation became even more … Read more
inductor definition- When electric current is passed through a coil, the device that opposes the change in current is called an inductor and the opposition or obstruction of sudden change in current by the inductive effect of this inductor is called inductance. what is inductor? The inductor stores magnetic flux, with larger valued inductors capable … Read more
capacitor definition- A device made by placing a dielectric medium (bad conductor) between two metallic conductor plates is called a capacitor. A capacitor is a device that opposes changes in voltage. Mica, ebonite, air etc. are used as dielectric medium (bad conductor) in capacitor. Metals like tin, aluminium etc. are used for conductor plates in … Read more
Introduction- what is resistance? Imagine you’re trying to walk through a crowded room. The more people in your way, the harder it becomes to move forward. In the same way, when electricity flows through a material, tiny particles called electrons are trying to move forward. But they don’t get a clear path. The material they’re … Read more
atom and molecules class 9 notes Structure of Material– matter – particle – molecule – atom –stable atomic particle and unstable nuclear particles Molecules- Atom structure of atom class 11 notes The structure of an atom is made up of three fundamental particles, electron, proton and neutron. . Nucleus- Protons- Neutrons- Electron- particle Weight (in … Read more
