The Basics category is the foundation of electrical engineering. This section explains basic electrical concepts in simple and clear language, such as voltage, current, resistance, electrical laws, circuit theory, illumination, and fundamental topics related to physics. This category helps ITI, Diploma, and B.Tech students build a strong base in electrical engineering, making it easier to understand later subjects like Power Systems, Machines, and Electronics.
Tap Changing Transformer is an electro-mechanical device. All the electrical equipment we use today is designed to function properly at a specific voltage level. However, the power supplied to electrical equipment can sometimes exceed or exceed its rated voltage. This can be due to a variety of factors, such as voltage drops in distribution lines … Read more
Introduction of the Edison Storage Battery. The Nickel–Iron–Alkaline battery is the result of an effort to avoid many of the disadvantages of the lead-sulfuric acid combination and is a radical departure from it in every detail of construction. The positive plate consists of hollow, perforated, sheet-steel tubes filled with alternate layers of nickel hydrate and … Read more
Introduction Cells in which electrical energy is stored in the form of chemical reactions and, through chemical reactions again, electromotive force is produced are called secondary cells. Lead-acid cells, nickel–iron cells, and nickel–cadmium cells fall under the category of secondary cells. Here, a description of secondary cells is given. Now let’s understand the lead acid … Read more
What Is a Battery? A battery is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy and supplies current for use.A chemical reaction occurs between the two electrodes and the electrolyte inside, producing EMF (Electromotive Force).When the battery is connected to a closed circuit, electrons begin to flow, and electric current is produced.From small watches … Read more
Lightning Earthing vs Normal Earthing – Deep Practical Guide. Lightning Earthing and Normal Earthing differ mainly in the type of current they handle. Normal Earthing is used to discharge low-voltage fault currents using G.I./copper rods with charcoal–salt filling, while Lightning Earthing is specially designed to handle high-energy lightning surges using thick copper rods, bentonite compounds, … Read more
How to construct an earthing pit correctly, and which materials and techniques are most effective? Answer:The most important factors in earthing pit construction are: Introduction With correct construction and regular maintenance, you can ensure a low-resistance, long-lasting, and safe earthing system. Earthing systems play an extremely important role in electrical safety.A properly constructed earthing pit … Read more
Types of Energy and Forms of Energy are the different ways in which energy exists in nature and is used to perform work. Energy exists in various forms, including mechanical, Thermal, Chemical, Electrical, Nuclear, Light, Sound, and Magnetic Energy. Simple Meaning: Introduction Energy is the “hidden power” behind every civilization — the force that runs … Read more
What is the correct Earthing Installation Cost, and which method is the best? Answer:The cost of earthing depends directly on the type, material, soil condition, and depth. With proper installation, correct material selection, and periodic maintenance, you can build a low-resistance and long-lasting earthing system that protects against electric shocks and keeps your equipment safe. … Read more
What Is Earthing Resistance? Earthing resistance is the opposition offered by an electrode while dissipating current into the ground. Its main formula is: R = ρ / 2πL (ln(4L/d) – 1). The ideal value for homes is 1–5 Ω, and for industries, it is less than 1 Ω̣. Introduction Earthing resistance is one of the … Read more
GI Earthing vs Copper Earthing: The main difference is that GI earthing (Galvanized Iron) is a low-cost option but prone to corrosion with medium conductivity, while constant Copper earthing provides very high conductivity, long lifespan, and stable low resistance. GI earthing is ideal for homes and small loads, whereas Copper earthing is recommended for industries, … Read more
Pipe Earthing vs Plate Earthing: The main difference is that Pipe Earthing uses a vertical G.I. pipe and is low-cost, suitable for homes and small loads, while Plate Earthing uses a Copper or G.I. plate at a deeper depth, offering very low resistance and long life for heavy loads. Pipe earthing is ideal for domestic … Read more
How to Measure Earth Resistance? To measure earth resistance at home, use the 3-point fall-of-potential method with main, current, and potential electrodes. Ensure rods are 3–4 meters deep, properly spaced, and the soil is moist or treated with bentonite. Accurate readings help maintain low-resistance earthing for safety and equipment protection. Why measure earth resistance at … Read more
What are the types of earthing electrodes, and which one is best? Earthing electrodes include GI pipe, Copper pipe, GI plate, Copper plate, Chemical (copper-bonded) rod, and GI/Copper strips.The best electrode depends on soil type and load: For long-lasting and low-resistance earthing, use chemical or copper electrodes, maintain 10–12 ft depth, apply bentonite compound, test … Read more
Why Earthing Fails? Earthing failures mainly occur due to high soil resistance, poor-quality materials, dry pits, corrosion, loose joints, incorrect pit depth, and a lack of testing. To prevent earthing failure, use high-grade electrodes, maintain moisture, apply a bentonite compound, ensure a proper pit distance, perform seasonal testing, and utilize parallel multiple earthing pits to … Read more
What is an Electronic Timer? An Electronic Timer is a device that uses an electronic circuit to generate a time delay.It is generally of the ON-Delay type, meaning that after receiving an input signal, the output becomes active after a certain delay period. How many types of Electronic Timers? There are five main types of … Read more
Introduction. A transformer is considered the backbone of the power system. It helps transfer electricity safely and efficiently from one voltage level to another. But before any transformer is commissioned in a real power network, certain standard tests are carried out to check its safety and efficiency. These open and short circuit test of transformer, … Read more
Introduction Transformers are essential electrical machines that require proper testing to ensure reliable operation, efficiency, and safety. Several testing methods are used to analyze transformer performance, such as: 2. Importance of Direct Loading Test on a Transformer Performance Evaluation The Direct Loading Test on a transformer holds special significance because: This test directly measures input … Read more
Introduction A transformer is one of the most vital electrical machines used in power systems. Its primary role is to step up or step down voltage levels, making power transfer more reliable and economical. Transformers ensure smooth and efficient power transmission from generating stations to end users, reducing waste and maintaining system stability. The transformer’s performance … Read more
1. Introduction A transformer is a key device in electrical power systems. It moves electrical energy from one circuit to another using electromagnetic induction. In an ideal world, transformers would work perfectly with no losses or voltage drops. But in real life, they have limits. One important factor is leakage reactance. This affects how well … Read more
Operation of Transformer in On-Load Condition To understand the operation of a transformer in load, let us first recall its on-load condition. In the on-load state, when an input voltage is applied across the primary winding, a small on-load current flows. This current establishes a magnetic flux in the transformer core. What is a Transformer? … Read more
Difference Between Ideal and Practical Transformer When it comes to learning about transformers, two terms often pop up: ideal transformer and practical transformer. They sound similar, but there’s a big difference between them. Let’s explore it in a way that’s easy to understand. What is a Transformer? A transformer is an electrical device that transfers … Read more
Two-Point Starter A two-point starter is used for starting DC series motors. It is a simple device that helps control the starting current to prevent damage to the motor. A Two-Point Starter is a simple device used FOR safely starting a DC series motor. When a motor starts, it can draw a large amount of … Read more
DC Motor Starter: DC motors, especially those below 1 HP (0.746 kW), can often be directly connected to a power supply. This is possible because smaller motors have a relatively high armature resistance (Ra), which naturally limits the starting current. Some examples include: However, this direct online starting method cannot be used with larger motors … Read more
What Is Speed Regulation? Think about riding a bicycle. When you’re going downhill with no backpack, it’s super fast and smooth. But going uphill with a heavy bag? How to calculate the speed regulation of DC motors? DC motors act the same way. When there’s no load, they run fast. When there’s a heavy load, … Read more
